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冰島有多少年的歷史

發布時間:2023-05-30 00:43:20

⑴ 請問冰島的歷史及現狀

首都:雷克雅未克(Reykjavik)
民族:屬日耳曼族
宗教:88.7%的人口信奉基督教路德教派。
貨幣:1克朗(Króna),等於100埃利(Aurar),鈔票面值包括500、1000、2000、5000克朗,銅板包括1、5、10、50、100克朗。
語言:冰島語為官方語言;英語、丹麥語為通用語言
時差:比北京時間晚9小時
區號:354
國慶日:6月17日
位置:位於北大西洋中部,靠近北極圈,為歐洲第二大島。海岸線長約4970公里。
人口:27.6萬人(2002年)。絕大多數為冰島人,屬日耳曼族。官方語言為冰島語,英語為通用語言。近90%的人信奉基督教路德教派。
區劃:全國分為23個省、21個自治市和203個教區。

冰島是歐洲最西部的國家,位於北大西洋中部,靠近北極圈,冰川面積佔8000平方公里,為歐洲第二大島。海岸線長約4970公里。全境3/4是海拔400-800米的高原,其中1/8被冰川覆蓋。有100多座火山,其中活火山30多座。華納達爾斯赫努克火山為全國最高峰,海拔2119米。冰島幾乎整個國家都建立在火山岩石上,大部分土地不能開墾,是世界溫泉最多的國家,所以被稱為冰火之國。多噴泉、瀑布、湖泊和湍急河流,最大河流錫尤爾騷河長227公里。 冰島全境遍布國家公園與自然保護區,其中最壯觀的是Myvatn自然保護區與Tingvellir?kulsárgljufúr(傑古沙龍)、史卡法特(Skaftafell)等國家公園。史卡法特國家公園最著名的景點就是史瓦提(Svartifoss)瀑布;傑古沙龍國家公園內的傑古沙龍湖是在冰河底端所形成的一個湖,深達100公尺。 8世紀末愛爾蘭修道士首先移居冰島。9世紀後半葉挪威人開始向冰島移民。874年,挪威貴族英格爾夫 阿爾納爾松(Ingolfur Arnarson)成為第一個定居冰島的人。930年冰島議會和冰島聯邦成立。1000年,基督教被確定為國教。1262年,冰島臣屬挪威。1380年,冰、挪被丹麥征服。1904年,冰島獲得內部自治。1918年冰、丹簽訂聯邦法,冰島成為丹麥聯邦內的主權國家,但外交事務仍由丹麥控制。1940年,德軍佔領丹麥,冰、丹關系中斷。同年英軍進駐冰島。1941年美軍取代英軍駐冰。1944年6月16日冰議會正式宣布解散冰丹聯盟,17日冰島共和國正式成立。

自然地理:面積為10.3萬平方公里。是歐洲最西部的國家,位於北大西洋中部,靠近北極圈,冰川面積佔8000平方公里,為歐洲第二大島。海岸線長約4970公里。全境3/4是海拔400-800米的高原,其中1/8被冰川覆蓋。有100多座火山,其中活火山20多座。華納達爾斯赫努克火山為全國最高峰,海拔2119米。冰島幾乎整個國家都建立在火山岩石上,大部分土地不能開墾,是世界溫泉最多的國家,所以被稱為冰火之國。多噴泉、瀑布、湖泊和湍急河流,最大河流錫尤爾騷河長227公里。冰島屬寒溫帶海洋性氣候,變化無常。因受墨西哥灣暖流影響,較同緯度的其他地方溫和。夏季日照長,冬季日照極短。秋季和冬初可見極光。

簡史:8世紀末,愛爾蘭修道士首先移居冰島。9世紀後半葉,挪威開始向冰島移民。公元930年建立議會和冰島聯邦。1262年,冰島和挪威簽定協議,冰島臣屬於挪威。1380年冰、挪同歸丹麥統治。1904年獲內部自治。1918年,冰丹簽訂聯邦法,規定冰為主權國家,但外交事務仍由丹麥控制。1940年丹麥被德國佔領,冰丹關系中斷。同年英軍進駐,次年美軍取代英軍駐冰。1944年6月16日冰議會正式宣布解散冰丹聯盟,17日成立冰島共和國。1946年加入聯合國,1949年成為北約成員國。

經濟:漁業是經濟支柱,工業以漁產品加工和煉鋁等高能耗工業為主。外貿依存度大。漁業、水利和地熱資源豐富,其他自然資源匱乏,石油等產品需要進口。可開發的年水力發電量為640億度,地熱能年發電量可達72億度。工業基礎薄弱,除漁產品加工和針織等輕工業外,工業以煉鋁等高能耗工業為主。漁業是冰島國民經濟的支柱產業,主要魚種有毛鱗魚、鱈魚和青魚,絕大部分漁產品出口,漁產品出口占商品出口總額的近70%。冰島的漁船隊裝備精良,魚類加工技術在世界上佔領先地位。所處緯度高, 日照量少,僅南部幾個農場年產400~500噸農作物。可耕地面積1000平方公里,佔全國總面積的1%。畜牧業占較主要地位,大部分農業用地被用做飼料草場。相應的毛紡業和製革業比較發達。肉、奶、蛋自給有餘,糧食、蔬菜、水果基本依靠進口。溫室培育西紅柿、黃瓜產量可滿足國內70%的消費。服務業在國民經濟中占重要地位,包括商業、銀行、保險和公共服務等,其產值約占國內生產總值的一半,從業人數占總勞力的三分之二強。1980年起大力發展旅遊事業。主要旅遊點有大冰川、火山地貌、地熱噴泉和瀑布等。冰島的人均國內生產總值近3萬美元,名列世界前茅。那裡的空氣與水源的清新純凈在世界上堪稱第一。人的平均壽命達到女82.2歲,男78.1歲。全民文化程度較高,早在100多年前冰島就消滅了文盲。1999年冰島已成為世界上行動電話普及率最高的國家。

⑵ 冰島歷史,由來簡介

面積為10.3萬平方公里,為歐洲第二大島。是歐洲最西部的國家,位於北大西洋中部 首都雷克雅未克
,北邊緊貼北極圈,冰島1/8被冰川覆蓋,冰川面積佔8000平方公里,海岸線長約4970公里。 整個冰島是個碗狀高地,四周為海岸山脈,中間為一高原。大部分是台地,台地高度大多在400至800米之間,個別山峰可達1300至1700米,冰島最高峰是華納達爾斯赫努克山(2119米)。低地面積很小,西部和西南部分布有海成平原和冰水沖積平原,平原面積佔全島的7%左右。無冰川流過的海岸線不規則,多峽灣、小海灣。其他沿海地區主要為沙灘,岸外的沙洲形成潟湖。 冰島有100多座火山,以「極圈火島」之名著稱,共有火山200至300座,有40至50座活火山。主要的火山有拉基火山、華納達爾斯火山、海克拉火山與卡特拉火山等等。華納達爾斯赫努克火山為全國最高峰,海拔2119米。冰島幾乎整個國家都建立在火山岩石上,大部分土地不能開墾,1963年至1967年在西南岸的火山活動形成了一個約2.1平方公里的小島。 冰島是世界溫泉最多的國家,所以被稱為「冰火之國」。全島約有250個鹼性溫泉,最大的溫泉每秒可產生200升的泉水。 冰島多噴泉、瀑布、湖泊和湍急河流,最大河流錫尤爾騷河長227公里。冰島屬寒溫帶海洋性氣候,變化無常。因受北大西洋暖流影響,較同緯度的其他地方溫和。夏季日照長,冬季日照極短。秋季和冬初可見極光。 冰島有「火山島」、「霧島」、「冰封的土地」、「冰與火之島」之稱。

⑶ 中國和冰島,哪個歷史更古老

斯堪的納維亞人和凱爾特人余裂跡在第9和10世紀間移民源孝到冰島之前,冰島是除紐西蘭外世豎並界上最後一個無人居住的大島。所以可以說冰島的歷史到現在21世紀有12個世紀,也就是1200多年的歷史,而中國上下五千年,一比當然是中國古老。

⑷ 冰島 英文簡介

Iceland (Icelandic, Ísland), island republic, in the North Atlantic Ocean, about 300 km (about 185 mi) east of Greenland and about 1,000 km (about 620 mi) west of Norway. The country』s extreme dimensions are about 305 km (about 190 mi) from north to south and about 485 km (about 300 mi) from east to west. Iceland has an area of 103,000 sq km (39,800 sq mi).

II LAND AND RESOURCES

In shape Iceland is generally elliptic, and the coastline, with a total length of 4,990 km (3,100 mi), is deeply indented, especially in the west and north. Important embayments on the West Coast are Faxaflói (bay) and Breiðafjörður (fjord). Projecting northwest between the latter and Húnaflói (bay), one of the major indentations on the northern coast, is an irregularly formed peninsula fringed by precipitous cliffs. The peninsular coastline makes up about 30 percent of the total for the island. Volcanic in origin, Iceland consists predominantly of uninhabitable lava tablelands with mountainous outcroppings; the lowlands, situated mainly along the southwestern coast, occupy about 25 percent of the total area. The bulk of the Icelandic population lives along the coast, particularly in the southwest.

Elevations in the uplands average between about 610 and 915 m (about 2,000 and 3,000 ft). Hvannadalshnúkur (2,119 m/6,952 ft), in the southeast, is the highest summit. Nearly 15 percent of the surface of the island is covered by snowfields and glaciers. Vatnajökull, a glacier in the southeast, has an area of 8,456 sq km (3,265 sq mi). The island has more than 120 glaciers and numerous small lakes and swift-flowing rivers.

Iceland is remarkable for the number of its volcanoes, craters, and thermal springs and for the frequency of its earthquakes. More than 100 volcanoes, including at least 25 that have erupted in historic times, are situated on the island. Noteworthy among the volcanoes are Hekla (1,491 m/4,892 ft), which has erupted many times, including in 1766, 1947, and 1980, and nearby Laki, with about 100 separate craters. Vast lava fields have been created by volcanoes, and many eruptions have caused widespread devastation. In 1783, when the only known eruption of Laki occurred, molten lava, volcanic ashes and gases, and torrential floods resulting from melting ice and snow led to the deaths of more than 9,000 people, ruined large tracts of arable land, and destroyed about 80 percent of the livestock on the island. In 1963 an ocean-floor volcano erupted off the southwestern coast of Iceland, creating Surtsey Island. In 1973 a volcano on Heimaey Island became active, forcing the evacuation of the island』s main town, Vestmannaeyjar.

Thermal springs are common in Iceland. Particularly numerous in the volcanic areas, the springs occur as geysers, as boiling mud lakes, and in various other forms. Geysir, generally regarded as the most spectacular, erupts at irregular intervals (usually from 5 to 36 hr), ejecting a column of boiling water up to about 60 m (about 200 ft) in height. Most homes and instrial establishments in the Reykjavík area are heated by water piped from nearby hot springs.

A Climate

Iceland has a relatively mild and equable climate, despite its high altitude and its proximity to the Arctic. Because of oceanic influences, notably the North Atlantic Drift (a continuation of the Gulf Stream), climatic conditions are moderate in all sections of the island. The mean annual temperature at Reykjavík is about 5° C (about 41° F), with a range from -1° C (31° F) in January to 11° C (52° F) in July. In the northwestern, northern, and eastern coastal regions, subject to the effects of polar currents and drifting ice, temperatures are generally lower. Windstorms of considerable violence are characteristic ring much of the winter season. Annual precipitation ranges between about 1,270 and 2,030 mm (about 50 and 80 in) along the southern coast, and is only about 510 mm (about 20 in) along the northern coast. The southern slopes of some of Iceland』s interior mountains receive up to about 4,570 mm (about 180 in) of moisture per year.

B Plants and Animals

The vegetation of Iceland is of the arctic European type. Grass and heather are abundant along the southern coast and afford pasturage for sheep and other livestock. Extensive forests probably existed on the island in prehistoric times, but present-day trees, such as birch and spruce, are relatively scarce. Bilberries and crowberries are the only kinds of fruit that grow on the island. The arctic fox was probably living in Iceland at the time of the first human settlement. Reindeer were introced about 1770; rodents were brought in on ships. Neither reptiles nor frogs and toads are found. About 100 species of birds inhabit the island; many of these species are aquatic, among them the whistling swan and several kinds of ck. The eider ck is valued for its down. Whales and seals live along the coast, as do cod, haddock, halibut, and herring. Many salmon and trout inhabit Iceland』s freshwater rivers and lakes.

III POPULATION

The population of Iceland is extremely homogeneous, being almost entirely of Scandinavian and Celtic origin. Beginning in the 1940s a large-scale movement to the coastal towns and villages has occurred. Some 92 percent of the people now live in cities and towns. The population of Iceland (2002 estimate) is 279,384. The overall population density is 2.7 persons per sq km (7 per sq mi).

A Political Divisions and Principal Cities

Iceland is divided into eight regions, each with its own administrative center. Reykjavík (population, 1998 estimate, 108,351) is the capital and chief port. Other towns are Akureyri (15,102), on the northern coast; Kópavogur (21,370), Hafnarfjörður (18,600), and Keflavík (7,637), on the western coast near Reykjavík; and Vestmannaeyjar (4,640), on the tiny island of Heimaey off the southern coast.

B Religion and Language

The state church of Iceland is the Evangelical Lutheran church, with which about 90 percent of the people are affiliated. Complete religious freedom exists, however. Free Lutherans and Roman Catholics make up a small minority. The language is Icelandic, which has remained closer to the Old Norse of Iceland』s original Viking settlers than to the other Scandinavian languages. See Icelandic Language; Icelandic Literature.

C Ecation

Literacy in Iceland approaches 100 percent of the alt population. Ecation is free through the university level and is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 16. In the 1998-1999 school year 30,355 pupils were enrolled in primary schools, 30,253 students attended secondary and vocational schools, and 7386 were enrolled in higher institutions. The leading institution of higher ecation is the University of Iceland (1911), in Reykjavík. The country also has a technical college and colleges of agriculture and music as well as teacher-training schools.

The principal libraries of Iceland are the University Library, the National Library, and the City Library, all located in Reykjavík. The capital is also the site of the Museum of Natural History; the National Museum, containing a major collection of Icelandic antiquities; and an art gallery housing the work of the Icelandic sculptor Einar Jónsson.

IV ECONOMY

Private enterprise forms the basis of the economy of Iceland, but the government exercises a considerable degree of control and supervision over key sectors. Until the close of the 19th century, agriculture was the chief occupation, with fishing as a supplementary source of income. By the middle of the 20th century, however, fishing and fish processing had become the major instries. Hydroelectric power potential is abundant and is being developed to further instrialization. In 1970 Iceland became a member of the European Free Trade Association. The national budget in 1998 included revenue of $2.4 billion and expenditure of $2.4 billion. Iceland suffered from a high rate of inflation in the late 1970s and the 1980s, but the rate decreased substantially in the early 1990s. In 2000 Iceland』s gross domestic proct was $8.5 billion.

A Agriculture

Only 9 percent of Iceland』s labor force is engaged in agriculture and fishing. Only 0.07 percent of the land area is under cultivation. The principal crops are turnips and potatoes. Livestock raising is a major occupation, and considerable quantities of dairy procts, wool, mutton and lamb, and chicken eggs are proced. In 2001 the country had 465,000 sheep, 72,100 cattle, and 77,330 horses.

B Fishing

Fishing and fish processing are the most important Icelandic instries, and the total catch in 1997 was 2.2 million metric tons. Food procts, including fresh and processed fish, account for 70 percent of Iceland』s exports. Iceland is a leading procer of cod, and other major components of the catch include capelin, haddock, crustaceans, herring, redfish, and saithe. Coastal towns have extensive facilities for fish processing. In response to international pressure, Iceland suspended all whaling operations in 1989. However, in June 1992 Iceland withdrew from the International Whaling Commission, disputing the designation of some species of whales as endangered and claiming that certain species threatened Iceland』s commercial fish population.

C Mining

Iceland has few proven mineral resources, and profitable development has been difficult. Minerals of commercial value include pumice and diatomite.

D Manufacturing

Aside from fish processing, manufacturing is primarily for domestic consumption needs. Principal procts are clothing, shoes, soaps, and chemicals. Book proction is also a large trade in Iceland. Some electrical appliances are made. In addition, major plants procing aluminum (from imported bauxite) and ferrosilicon have been established to take advantage of Iceland』s energy resources.

E Energy

Hydroelectric installations proce 85 percent of Iceland』s electricity, with geothermal sources supplying the rest. Output in 1999 was 7.1 billion kilowatt hours. Hot water from springs is used for heating and in some manufacturing operations.

F Currency and Banking

The monetary unit of Iceland is the króna, consisting of 100 aurar (78.62 krónur equal U.S. $1; 2000). In 1981 the government introced a new króna, equivalent to 100 old krónur. Currency is issued by the state-owned Central Bank (1961). Iceland has several private commercial banks.

G Foreign Trade

The yearly value of Iceland』s imports is often greater than that of its exports, although the country』s foreign trade balances occasionally. In 2000 imports cost $2.6 billion, and exports earned $1.9 billion. Major imports include refined petroleum, machinery, transportation equipment, textiles and clothing, chemicals, basic manufactures, and foodstuffs. Exports of metal and ores, including a significant amount of aluminum, account for 16 percent of total exports. The country』s main trade partners are the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, France, Norway, and Japan.

H Transportation and Communications

Iceland has 12,962 km (8,054 mi) of roads, which are mainly located in coastal areas. In 1999 Iceland had 546 passenger cars for every 1,000 residents. The island has no railroads or navigable rivers. The country has several seaports, including Arkanes, Keflavík, Reykjavík, and Siglufjörður. Icelandair provides domestic and international air service.

There are 3 daily newspapers published in Iceland, with a combined circulation of 145,000. Telephone and telegraph services are owned and administered by the government; the state monopoly on radio and television broadcasting ended in 1986. In 1997 the country had 950 radio receivers and 358 television sets for every 1,000 inhabitants.

V GOVERNMENT

Iceland is governed under a constitution that became effective when the country achieved full independence in 1944. Iceland has no armed forces of its own except for 120 coast guard personnel, but is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In 1997 some 1,520 United States military personnel were stationed at Keflavík air base.

A Executive

The head of state of Iceland is a president, who is elected by universal suffrage by persons aged 18 and older to a four-year term. The president has little power, and the country』s chief executive is a prime minister, who is responsible to Parliament. The prime minister is assisted by a cabinet, which holds real executive power.

B Legislature

The legislature of Iceland is the Althing, which has met almost continually since its establishment in ad 930, and which was converted from a bicameral to a unicameral system in 1991. It has 63 members, 54 elected to four-year terms under a system of proportional representation and 9 allotted to the political parties based on their relative vote totals in the elections.

C Political Parties

The leading political organizations of Iceland are the Independence Party, a conservative group; the leftist Alliance coalition, which includes the People』s Alliance, the People』s Party, and the Alliance of Women』s List; the liberal Progressive Party; and the Left-Green Alliance. Governments in Iceland are generally formed by coalitions, including the current government of the Independence Party and the Progressive Party.

⑸ 冰島這個國家實力如何歷史上屬於哪個國家的領地什麼時候獨立的

國家簡介冰島共和國(冰島語:Lýðveldið Ísland;英語:The Republic of Iceland)是北大西洋中的一個島國,代碼IS,簡稱冰島,位於格陵蘭島和英國中間,首都雷克雅未克。地理概念上,冰島經常被視為是北歐五國的一份子。今日的冰島已是一個高度發展的發達國家,擁有世界排名第五的人均國內生產總值,以及世界排名第一的人類發展指數。目前,冰島是聯合國、北大西洋公約組織、歐洲自由貿易聯盟、歐洲經濟區、北歐理事會與經濟合作與發展組織的會員國,但是並未加入歐洲聯盟斯堪的納維亞人和凱爾特人在第9和10世紀間移民到冰島之前,冰島是除紐西蘭外世界上最後一個無人居住的大島。冰島以公元930年建立了世界上最早的議會而自豪,雖然這一議會此後並未運行多久。某些文字證據顯示,愛爾蘭人的僧侶曾經在北方人到達之前在冰島生活過,不過沒有考古學上的證據證明這一推斷。北歐人曾以此為跳板進入格陵蘭島。
冰島保持了300年的獨立,隨後被挪威和丹麥統治。1814年丹麥-挪威聯合王國根據基爾協議(treaty of Kiel)分治之前,冰島是挪威國王的殖民地,此後成為丹麥的附屬國。1874年,丹麥政府給予冰島有限的自治,1918年,冰島在內政方面進一步獲得了類似於保護國的獨立和主權,外交和國防方面丹麥仍保留權力。1940年,納粹德國在二戰期間佔領丹麥,同年盟軍佔領了冰島。 丹麥國王繼續保持法律上的統治直到1944年冰島共和國建立。

⑹ 冰島在哪裡在什麼國家

冰島位於北大西洋中部,是一個歐洲國家

冰島面積為10.3萬平方千米,為歐洲第二大島。冰島是歐洲最西部的國家,位於北大西洋中部,北邊緊貼北極圈,冰島1/8被冰川覆蓋,冰川面積佔1.3萬平方千米,海岸線長約4970千米。北臨格陵蘭海,西北隔丹麥海峽和格陵蘭相鄰,東北部為挪威海。

整個冰島是個碗狀高地,四周為海岸山脈,中間為一高原。大部分是台地,台地高度大多在400-800米之間,個別山峰可達1300-1700米,冰島最高峰是華納達爾斯赫努克山(2119米)。低地面積很小,西部和西南部分布有海成平原和冰水沖積平原,平原面積佔全島的7%左右。

冰島的歷史沿革

根據《殖 民之書》的記述,歐洲定居者的歷史最早可追溯至公元頌備隱874年,維京人殷格·亞納遜一行是冰島最早的永久定居者,其他更早的定居者僅在冰島過滾絕冬。其後的幾個世紀,斯堪的納維亞人在冰島定居,他們也帶來了蓋爾人奴隸。

1262-1918年冰島成為了挪威的一部分,之後屬丹麥王野廳室治下。1918年冰島宣布獨立並在1944年成立共 和國。

⑺ 冰島歷史上有被別的國家侵略過嗎 它國土面積有多大

面積為10.3萬平方公里。是歐洲最西部的國家,位於北大西洋中部,靠近北極圈,冰川面積佔8000平方公里,為歐洲第二大島。

絕大多數為冰島人,屬日耳曼族。近90%的人信奉基督教路德教派。

斯堪的納維亞人和凱爾特人在第9和10世紀間移民到冰島之前,冰島是世界上最後一個無人居住的大島。冰島以公元930年建立了世界上最早的議會(冰島語:Alþingi)而自豪,雖然這一議會此後並未運行多久。某些文字證據顯示,愛爾蘭人的僧侶曾經在北方人到達之前在冰島生活過,不過沒有考古學上的證據證明這一推斷。
冰島保持了300年的獨立,隨後被挪威和丹麥統治。1814年丹麥-挪威聯合王國根據基爾協議(treaty of Kiel)分治之前,冰島是挪威國王的殖民地,此後成為丹麥的附屬國。1874年,丹麥政府給予冰島有限的自治,1918年,冰島在內政方面進一步獲得了類似於保護國的獨立和主權,外交和國防方面丹麥仍保留權力。1940年,納粹德國在二戰期間佔領和丹麥,同年盟軍佔領了冰島。 丹麥國王繼續保持法律上的統治直到1944年冰島共和國建立。
新的共和國是北約的成員國,並於1949年和美國簽訂了防衛冰島的協議。根據這一協議,美國在Keflavík設有軍事基地,一直到2006年9月底美軍單方面撤出。到目前為止冰島還沒有自己的軍隊。
戰後幾十年來,冰島的經濟依賴於漁業,並因為這一生物資源和周邊國家發生過數次沖突,其中包括和英國間著名的「鱈魚戰爭」。近年來,由於對重工業的大量投資,經濟逐漸多樣化,煉鋁業發展起來,經濟領域不斷自由化和私有化。冰島通過EEA成為了歐洲經濟區的成員,但從未申請加入歐盟。

⑻ 急求北歐五國(丹麥、挪威、瑞典、芬蘭、冰島)歷史

丹麥
公元 985 年形成統一王國。公元 8 ~ 12 世紀為強盛的海盜時期,曾征服現英國、挪威、法國萊茵河畔等地區。 14 世紀走向強盛,並於 1397 年成立以丹麥女王瑪格麗特一世為盟主的卡爾馬聯盟,疆土包括現丹麥、挪威、瑞典、冰島、格陵蘭、法羅群島以及芬蘭的一部分。 15 世紀末開始衰落。 1523 年瑞典脫離聯盟獨立。 1814 年將挪割予瑞典。1849 年建立君主立憲政體。兩次世界大戰中均宣布中立。 1940 年 4 月至 1945 年 5 月被納粹德國佔領。 1944 年冰島脫離丹獨立。 1949 年加入北約, 1973 年加入歐共體。擁有對格陵蘭和法羅群島的主權。

挪威
挪威公元9世紀前後形成統一王國。13世紀進入全盛時期。 14世紀中葉開始衰落。1397年與丹麥、瑞典結成卡爾瑪聯盟,受丹麥統治。1814年,丹麥把挪威割讓給瑞典,換取西波美拉尼亞。1905年獨立成為君主國,並選丹麥王子為國王,稱哈康七世。第一次世界大戰中保持中立。二次大戰中被法西斯德國佔領,吉斯林作為德國傀儡建立獨裁政權,哈康國王及他的政府流亡英國。1945年獲解放。1957年哈康七世逝世,其子即位,稱奧拉夫五世。1949年參加北大西洋公約組織,1959年參加歐洲自由貿易聯盟。

瑞典
公元1100年前後開始形成國家。1157年兼並芬蘭。1397年與丹麥、挪威組成卡爾馬聯盟,受丹統治。1523年脫離聯盟獨立。同年,古斯塔夫·瓦薩被推舉為國王。1654至1719年為瑞典的強盛時期,領土包括現芬蘭、愛沙尼亞、拉脫維亞、立陶宛以及俄國、波蘭和德國的波羅的海沿岸地區。1718年對俄國、丹麥和波蘭作戰失敗後逐步走向衰落。1805年參加拿破崙戰爭,1809年敗於俄國後被迫割讓芬蘭,1814年從丹麥取得挪威,並與挪結成瑞挪聯盟。1905年挪威脫離聯盟獨立。瑞典在兩次世界大戰中均守中立。

芬蘭
約9000年前冰河末期,芬蘭人的祖先從烏拉爾山遷居至此地,未有形成國家。1157年後芬蘭地成為瑞典固有領土。
1208年瑞徵俄失敗,芬蘭開始受到俄國影響。但直至1809年,瑞在瑞俄戰爭失敗後,才最終將芬蘭割讓給俄,芬成為俄的大公國,1812年遷都赫爾辛基。1917年12月6日宣布獨立,曾試圖立王國,但最終於1919年成立共和國。
1940年芬在芬蘇戰爭(冬戰)戰敗後,被迫向蘇割讓東部領土。二戰期間,1941—1944年德國進攻蘇聯,芬參與對蘇戰爭(續戰)。1944年2月,芬作為戰敗國與蘇聯等國簽了巴黎和約。
芬蘭未加入北約(NATO)。1955年加入北歐理事會(NC)。1986年加入歐貿聯(EFTA)。1995年退出歐貿聯,轉投歐共體—歐盟(EU)。1999年創始加入歐元區。

冰島
斯堪的納維亞人和凱爾特人在第9和10世紀間移民到冰島之前,冰島是世界上最後一個無人居住的大島。冰島以公元930年建立了世界上最早的議會(冰島語:Alþingi)而自豪,雖然這一議會此後並未運行多久。某些文字證據顯示,愛爾蘭人的僧侶曾經在北方人到達之前在冰島生活過,不過沒有考古學上的證據證明這一推斷。北歐人曾以此為跳板進入格陵蘭島。 冰島保持了300年的獨立,隨後被挪威和丹麥統治。1814年丹麥-挪威聯合王國根據基爾協議(treaty of Kiel)分治之前,冰島是挪威國王的殖民地,此後成為丹麥的附屬國。1874年,丹麥政府給予冰島有限的自治,1918年,冰島在內政方面進一步獲得了類似於保護國的獨立和主權,外交和國防方面丹麥仍保留權力。1940年,納粹德國在二戰期間佔領丹麥,同年盟軍佔領了冰島。 丹麥國王繼續保持法律上的統治直到1944年冰島共和國建立。 新的共和國是北約的成員國,並於1949年和美國簽訂了防衛冰島的協議。根據這一協議,美國在Keflavík設有軍事基地,一直到2006年9月底美軍單方面撤出。到目前為止冰島還沒有自己的軍隊。 戰後幾十年來,冰島的經濟依賴於漁業,並因為這一生物資源和周邊國家發生過數次沖突,其中包括和英國間著名的「鱈魚戰爭」。近年來,由於對重工業的大量投資,經濟逐漸多樣化,煉鋁業發展起來,經濟領域不斷自由化和私有化。冰島通過EEA成為了歐洲經濟區的成員,但從未申請加入歐盟。

⑼ 冰島歷史朝代,丹麥歷史朝代

冰島歷史朝代:公元 860年挪威人的船隻差哪稿遇難漂流至冰島。874年被挪威國王驅逐的部落首領英格爾夫·阿耳納遜率領家族和奴隸來冰島定居,他們將一處有自噴溫泉的地方命名為雷克雅未克(冒煙的峽灣)(見彩圖)。此後來自挪威,間或亦有來自愛爾蘭的移民不斷增加。10世紀前期,冰島歷史上的移民時期結束。
丹麥歷史朝代:丹麥與公元985年形成統一王國。十一世紀曾征服整個英格蘭和挪威。1380—1814年,挪威虛孝附屬於丹麥。1658年以前,瑞典耶蘭府的斯考、布京、居屋三道屬丹麥。1864年以前德國北部的石勒蘇益格、荷爾斯泰因二州屬丹麥。丹在1397年成立的卡爾瑪聯盟(丹、瑞、挪)中居統治地位。十六世紀丹麥王國開始衰落。1523年瑞典解盟獨立。1814年丹麥與瑞典交戰失敗,被迫將挪威割予瑞典。1904年,冰島在丹內部自治,戰緩激後脫離丹麥獨立。
丹麥在兩次世界大戰中均宣布中立,但在二戰期間遭德國佔領

⑽ 冰島是哪個國家的城市

冰島全稱冰島共悉卜耐和國,是北大西洋和北冰洋之間的北歐島國。
冰島,因為其獨特和美麗,吸引著越來越多的遊客。
由於冰島位於歐亞弊祥板塊和北美板塊之間的大睜春西洋中脊,因此冰島是一個地質年輕的景觀。

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